---
title: "Getting started with CmdStanR"
author: "Jonah Gabry, Rok Češnovar, and Andrew Johnson"
output:
  rmarkdown::html_vignette:
    toc: true
    toc_depth: 3
params:
  EVAL: !r identical(Sys.getenv("NOT_CRAN"), "true")
vignette: >
  %\VignetteIndexEntry{Getting started with CmdStanR}
  %\VignetteEngine{knitr::rmarkdown}
  %\VignetteEncoding{UTF-8}
---

```{r child="children/_settings-knitr.Rmd"}
```

## Introduction

CmdStanR (Command Stan R) is a lightweight interface to
[Stan](https://mc-stan.org/) for R users that provides an alternative to the
traditional [RStan](https://mc-stan.org/rstan/) interface. See the [*Comparison
with RStan*](#comparison-with-rstan) section later in this vignette for more
details on how the two interfaces differ.

Using CmdStanR requires installing the **cmdstanr** R package and also
CmdStan, the command line interface to Stan. First we install the R package 
by running the following command in R.

```{r install, eval=FALSE}
# we recommend running this is a fresh R session or restarting your current session
install.packages("cmdstanr", repos = c('https://stan-dev.r-universe.dev', getOption("repos")))
```

We can now load the package like any other R package. We'll also load the
**bayesplot** and **posterior** packages to use later in examples.

```{r library, message=FALSE}
library(cmdstanr)
library(posterior)
library(bayesplot)
color_scheme_set("brightblue")
```

## Installing CmdStan

CmdStanR requires a working installation of
[CmdStan](https://mc-stan.org/users/interfaces/cmdstan.html), the shell
interface to Stan. If you don't have CmdStan installed then CmdStanR can install
it for you, assuming you have a suitable C++ toolchain. The requirements are
described in the CmdStan Guide:

* https://mc-stan.org/docs/cmdstan-guide/cmdstan-installation.html

To double check that your toolchain is set up properly you can call
the `check_cmdstan_toolchain()` function:

```{r check-toolchain}
check_cmdstan_toolchain()
```

If your toolchain is configured correctly then CmdStan can be installed by
calling the
[`install_cmdstan()`](https://mc-stan.org/cmdstanr/reference/install_cmdstan.html)
function:

```{r install_cmdstan-1, include = FALSE}
if (!dir.exists(cmdstan_default_path())) {
  install_cmdstan()
}
```
```{r install_cmdstan-2, eval=FALSE}
install_cmdstan(cores = 2)
```

Before CmdStanR can be used it needs to know where the CmdStan installation is
located. When the package is loaded it tries to help automate this to avoid
having to manually set the path every session:

1. If the environment variable `"CMDSTAN"` exists at load time then its value
will be automatically set as the default path to CmdStan for the R session. This
is useful if your CmdStan installation is not located in the default directory
that would have been used by `install_cmdstan()` (see #2).

2. If no environment variable is found when loaded but any directory in the form
`".cmdstan/cmdstan-[version]"`, for example `".cmdstan/cmdstan-2.23.0"`,
exists in the user's home directory (`Sys.getenv("HOME")`,
*not* the current working directory) then the path to the CmdStan with the
largest version number will be set as the path to CmdStan for the R session.
This is the same as the default directory that `install_cmdstan()` uses to
install the latest version of CmdStan, so if that's how you installed CmdStan
you shouldn't need to manually set the path to CmdStan when loading CmdStanR.

If neither of these applies (or you want to subsequently change the path) you
can use the `set_cmdstan_path()` function:

```{r set_cmdstan_path, eval=FALSE}
set_cmdstan_path(PATH_TO_CMDSTAN)
```

To check the path to the CmdStan installation and the CmdStan version number
you can use `cmdstan_path()` and `cmdstan_version()`:

```{r cmdstan_path}
cmdstan_path()
cmdstan_version()
```

## Compiling a model

The `cmdstan_model()` function creates a new
[`CmdStanModel`](https://mc-stan.org/cmdstanr/reference/CmdStanModel.html)
object from a file containing a Stan program. Under the hood, CmdStan is called
to translate a Stan program to C++ and create a compiled executable. Here we'll
use the example Stan program that comes with the CmdStan installation:

```{r cmdstan_model}
file <- file.path(cmdstan_path(), "examples", "bernoulli", "bernoulli.stan")
mod <- cmdstan_model(file)
```

The object `mod` is an [R6](https://r6.r-lib.org/) reference object of class
[`CmdStanModel`](https://mc-stan.org/cmdstanr/reference/CmdStanModel.html) and
behaves similarly to R's reference class objects and those in object oriented
programming languages. Methods are accessed using the `$` operator. This design
choice allows for CmdStanR and
[CmdStanPy](https://github.com/stan-dev/cmdstanpy) to provide a similar user
experience and share many implementation details.

The Stan program can be printed using the `$print()` method:

```{r compile}
mod$print()
```

The path to the compiled executable is returned by the `$exe_file()`
method:

```{r exe_file}
mod$exe_file()
```

## Running MCMC

The
[`$sample()`](https://mc-stan.org/cmdstanr/reference/model-method-sample.html)
method for
[`CmdStanModel`](https://mc-stan.org/cmdstanr/reference/CmdStanModel.html)
objects runs Stan's default MCMC algorithm. The `data` argument accepts a named
list of R objects (like for RStan) or a path to a data file compatible with
CmdStan (JSON or R dump).

```{r sample}
# names correspond to the data block in the Stan program
data_list <- list(N = 10, y = c(0,1,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,1))

fit <- mod$sample(
  data = data_list,
  seed = 123,
  chains = 4,
  parallel_chains = 4,
  refresh = 500 # print update every 500 iters
)
```

There are many more arguments that can be passed to the `$sample()` method.
For details follow this link to its separate documentation page:

* [`$sample()`](https://mc-stan.org/cmdstanr/reference/model-method-sample.html)

The `$sample()` method creates [R6](https://r6.r-lib.org/) `CmdStanMCMC`
objects, which have many associated methods. Below we will demonstrate some of
the most important methods. For a full list, follow this link to the
`CmdStanMCMC` documentation:

* [`CmdStanMCMC`](https://mc-stan.org/cmdstanr/reference/CmdStanMCMC.html)

### Posterior summary statistics

#### Summaries from the posterior package

The
[`$summary()`](https://mc-stan.org/cmdstanr/reference/fit-method-summary.html)
method calls `summarise_draws()` from the **posterior** package. The
first argument specifies the variables to summarize and any arguments
after that are passed on to `posterior::summarise_draws()` to specify
which summaries to compute, whether to use multiple cores, etc.

```{r summary, eval=FALSE}
fit$summary()
fit$summary(variables = c("theta", "lp__"), "mean", "sd")

# use a formula to summarize arbitrary functions, e.g. Pr(theta <= 0.5)
fit$summary("theta", pr_lt_half = ~ mean(. <= 0.5))

# summarise all variables with default and additional summary measures
fit$summary(
  variables = NULL,
  posterior::default_summary_measures(),
  extra_quantiles = ~posterior::quantile2(., probs = c(.0275, .975))
)
```

```{r, echo=FALSE}
 # NOTE: the hack of using print.data.frame in chunks with echo=FALSE
 # is used because the pillar formatting of posterior draws_summary objects
 # isn't playing nicely with pkgdown::build_articles().
 options(digits = 2)
 print.data.frame(fit$summary())
 print.data.frame(fit$summary(variables = c("theta", "lp__"), "mean", "sd"))
 print.data.frame(fit$summary("theta", pr_lt_half = ~ mean(. <= 0.5)))
 print.data.frame(fit$summary(
   variables = NULL,
   posterior::default_summary_measures(),
   extra_quantiles = ~posterior::quantile2(., probs = c(.0275, .975))
 ))
```

#### CmdStan's stansummary utility

CmdStan itself provides a `stansummary` utility that can be called using the
`$cmdstan_summary()` method. This method will print summaries but won't return
anything.

### Posterior draws

#### Extracting draws

The [`$draws()`](https://mc-stan.org/cmdstanr/reference/fit-method-draws.html)
method can be used to extract the posterior draws in formats provided by the
[**posterior**](https://mc-stan.org/posterior/) package. Here we demonstrate
only the `draws_array` and `draws_df` formats, but the **posterior** package
supports other useful formats as well.

```{r draws, message=FALSE}
# default is a 3-D draws_array object from the posterior package
# iterations x chains x variables
draws_arr <- fit$draws() # or format="array"
str(draws_arr)

# draws x variables data frame
draws_df <- fit$draws(format = "df")
str(draws_df)
print(draws_df)
```

To convert an existing draws object to a different format use the
`posterior::as_draws_*()` functions.

```{r as_draws}
# this should be identical to draws_df created via draws(format = "df")
draws_df_2 <- as_draws_df(draws_arr)
identical(draws_df, draws_df_2)
```

In general, converting to a different draws format in this way will be slower
than just setting the appropriate format initially in the call to the `$draws()`
method, but in most cases the speed difference will be minor.

The vignette 
[Working with Posteriors](https://mc-stan.org/cmdstanr/articles/posterior.html) 
has more details on posterior draws, including how to reproduce the structured
output RStan users are accustomed to getting from `rstan::extract()`.

#### Plotting draws

Plotting posterior distributions is as easy as passing the object returned by
the `$draws()` method directly to plotting functions in our
[**bayesplot**](https://mc-stan.org/bayesplot/) package.

```{r plots, message=FALSE}
mcmc_hist(fit$draws("theta"))
```

### Sampler diagnostics

#### Extracting diagnostic values for each iteration and chain

The
[`$sampler_diagnostics()`](https://mc-stan.org/cmdstanr/reference/fit-method-sampler_diagnostics.html)
method extracts the values of the sampler parameters (`treedepth__`,
`divergent__`, etc.) in formats supported by the **posterior** package. The
default is as a 3-D array (iteration x chain x variable).

```{r sampler_diagnostics}
# this is a draws_array object from the posterior package
str(fit$sampler_diagnostics())

# this is a draws_df object from the posterior package
str(fit$sampler_diagnostics(format = "df"))
```

#### Sampler diagnostic warnings and summaries

The `$diagnostic_summary()` method will display any sampler diagnostic warnings and return a summary of diagnostics for each chain.

```{r diagnostic_summary}
fit$diagnostic_summary()
```

We see the number of divergences for each of the four chains, the number
of times the maximum treedepth was hit for each chain, and the E-BFMI
for each chain.

In this case there were no warnings, so in order to demonstrate the warning
messages we'll use one of the CmdStanR example models that suffers from
divergences.

```{r fit-with-warnings, results='hold'}
fit_with_warning <- cmdstanr_example("schools")
```
After fitting there is a warning about divergences. We can also regenerate this warning message later using `fit$diagnostic_summary()`.

```{r diagnostic_summary-with-warnings}
diagnostics <- fit_with_warning$diagnostic_summary()
print(diagnostics)

# number of divergences reported in warning is the sum of the per chain values
sum(diagnostics$num_divergent)
```

#### CmdStan's diagnose utility

CmdStan itself provides a `diagnose` utility that can be called using
the `$cmdstan_diagnose()` method. This method will print warnings but won't return anything.


## Running optimization and variational inference

CmdStanR also supports running Stan's optimization algorithms and its algorithms
for variational approximation of full Bayesian inference. These are run via the
`$optimize()`, `$laplace()`, `$variational()`, and `$pathfinder()` methods, which
are called in a similar way to the `$sample()` method demonstrated above.

### Optimization

We can find the (penalized) maximum likelihood estimate (MLE) using [`$optimize()`](https://mc-stan.org/cmdstanr/reference/model-method-optimize.html).

```{r optimize}
fit_mle <- mod$optimize(data = data_list, seed = 123)
fit_mle$print() # includes lp__ (log prob calculated by Stan program)
fit_mle$mle("theta")
```

Here's a plot comparing the penalized MLE to the posterior distribution of
`theta`.

```{r plot-mle, message = FALSE}
mcmc_hist(fit$draws("theta")) +
  vline_at(fit_mle$mle("theta"), size = 1.5)
```

For optimization, by default the mode is calculated without the Jacobian
adjustment for constrained variables, which shifts the mode due to the change of
variables. To include the Jacobian adjustment and obtain a maximum a posteriori
(MAP) estimate set `jacobian=TRUE`. See the
[Maximum Likelihood Estimation](https://mc-stan.org/docs/cmdstan-guide/maximum-likelihood-estimation.html)
section of the CmdStan User's Guide for more details.

```{r optimize-map}
fit_map <- mod$optimize(
  data = data_list,
  jacobian = TRUE,
  seed = 123
)
```

### Laplace Approximation

The [`$laplace()`](https://mc-stan.org/cmdstanr/reference/model-method-laplace.html)
method produces a sample from a normal approximation centered at the mode of a
distribution in the unconstrained space. If the mode is a MAP estimate, the
samples provide an estimate of the mean and standard deviation of the posterior
distribution. If the mode is the MLE, the sample provides an estimate of the
standard error of the likelihood. Whether the mode is the MAP or MLE depends on
the value of the `jacobian` argument when running optimization. See the
[Laplace Sampling](https://mc-stan.org/docs/cmdstan-guide/laplace-sampling.html)
chapter of the CmdStan User's Guide for more details.

Here we pass in the `fit_map` object from above as the `mode` argument. If
`mode` is omitted then optimization will be run internally before taking draws
from the normal approximation.

```{r laplace}
fit_laplace <- mod$laplace(
    mode = fit_map,
    draws = 4000,
    data = data_list,
    seed = 123,
    refresh = 1000
  )
fit_laplace$print("theta")
mcmc_hist(fit_laplace$draws("theta"), binwidth = 0.025)
```

### Variational (ADVI)

We can run Stan's experimental Automatic Differentiation Variational Inference
(ADVI) using the [`$variational()`](https://mc-stan.org/cmdstanr/reference/model-method-variational.html)
method. For details on the ADVI algorithm see the 
[CmdStan User's Guide](https://mc-stan.org/docs/cmdstan-guide/variational-inference-algorithm-advi.html).


```{r variational}
fit_vb <- mod$variational(
  data = data_list,
  seed = 123,
  draws = 4000
)
fit_vb$print("theta")
mcmc_hist(fit_vb$draws("theta"), binwidth = 0.025)
```

### Variational (Pathfinder)

Stan version 2.33 introduced a new variational method called Pathfinder, 
which is intended to be faster and more stable than ADVI. For details on how 
Pathfinder works see the section in the 
[CmdStan User's Guide](https://mc-stan.org/docs/cmdstan-guide/pathfinder-intro.html#pathfinder-intro).
Pathfinder is run using the [`$pathfinder()`](https://mc-stan.org/cmdstanr/reference/model-method-pathfinder.html)
method.

```{r pathfinder}
fit_pf <- mod$pathfinder(
  data = data_list,
  seed = 123,
  draws = 4000
)
fit_pf$print("theta")
```


Let's extract the draws, make the same plot we made after running the other
algorithms, and compare them all. approximation, and compare them all. In this
simple example the distributions are quite similar, but this will not always be
the case for more challenging problems.

```{r plot-compare-pf, message = FALSE}
mcmc_hist(fit_pf$draws("theta"), binwidth = 0.025) +
  ggplot2::labs(subtitle = "Approximate posterior from pathfinder") +
  ggplot2::xlim(0, 1)
```
```{r plot-compare-vb, message = FALSE}
mcmc_hist(fit_vb$draws("theta"), binwidth = 0.025) +
  ggplot2::labs(subtitle = "Approximate posterior from variational") +
  ggplot2::xlim(0, 1)
```
```{r plot-compare-laplace, message = FALSE}
mcmc_hist(fit_laplace$draws("theta"), binwidth = 0.025) +
  ggplot2::labs(subtitle = "Approximate posterior from Laplace") +
  ggplot2::xlim(0, 1)
```
```{r plot-compare-mcmc, message = FALSE}
mcmc_hist(fit$draws("theta"), binwidth = 0.025) +
  ggplot2::labs(subtitle = "Posterior from MCMC") +
  ggplot2::xlim(0, 1)
```

For more details on the `$optimize()`, `$laplace()`, `$variational()`, and 
`pathfinder()` methods, follow these links to their documentation pages.

* [`$optimize()`](https://mc-stan.org/cmdstanr/reference/model-method-optimize.html)
* [`$laplace()`](https://mc-stan.org/cmdstanr/reference/model-method-laplace.html)
* [`$variational()`](https://mc-stan.org/cmdstanr/reference/model-method-variational.html)
* [`$pathfinder()`](https://mc-stan.org/cmdstanr/reference/model-method-pathfinder.html)


## Saving fitted model objects

The [`$save_object()`](http://mc-stan.org/cmdstanr/reference/fit-method-save_object.html)
method provided by CmdStanR is the most convenient way to save a fitted model object
to disk and ensure that all of the contents are available when reading the object back into R.

```{r save_object, eval=FALSE}
fit$save_object(file = "fit.RDS")

# can be read back in using readRDS
fit2 <- readRDS("fit.RDS")
```

But if your model object is large, then
[`$save_object()`](http://mc-stan.org/cmdstanr/reference/fit-method-save_object.html)
could take a long time.
[`$save_object()`](http://mc-stan.org/cmdstanr/reference/fit-method-save_object.html)
reads the CmdStan results files into memory, stores them in the model object,
and saves the object with `saveRDS()`. To speed up the process, you can emulate
[`$save_object()`](http://mc-stan.org/cmdstanr/reference/fit-method-save_object.html)
and replace `saveRDS` with the much faster `qsave()` function from the
[`qs`](https://github.com/traversc/qs) package.

```{r save_object_qs_full, eval = FALSE}
# Load CmdStan output files into the fitted model object.
fit$draws() # Load posterior draws into the object.
try(fit$sampler_diagnostics(), silent = TRUE) # Load sampler diagnostics.
try(fit$init(), silent = TRUE) # Load user-defined initial values.
try(fit$profiles(), silent = TRUE) # Load profiling samples.

# Save the object to a file.
qs::qsave(x = fit, file = "fit.qs")

# Read the object.
fit2 <- qs::qread("fit.qs")
```

Storage is even faster if you discard results you do not need to save.
The following example saves only posterior draws and discards
sampler diagnostics, user-specified initial values, and profiling data.

```{r save_object_qs_small, eval = FALSE}
# Load posterior draws into the fitted model object and omit other output.
fit$draws()

# Save the object to a file.
qs::qsave(x = fit, file = "fit.qs")

# Read the object.
fit2 <- qs::qread("fit.qs")
```

See the vignette [_How does CmdStanR work?_](http://mc-stan.org/cmdstanr/articles/cmdstanr-internals.html)
for more information about the composition of CmdStanR objects.

## Comparison with RStan

```{r child="children/comparison-with-rstan.md"}
```

## Additional resources

There are additional vignettes available that discuss other aspects of using
CmdStanR. These can be found online at the CmdStanR website:

* https://mc-stan.org/cmdstanr/articles/index.html

To ask a question please post on the Stan forums:

* https://discourse.mc-stan.org/

To report a bug, suggest a feature (including additions to these vignettes), or to start contributing to CmdStanR
development (new contributors welcome!) please open an issue on GitHub:

* https://github.com/stan-dev/cmdstanr/issues
